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Linux / Bash Comanda Cheat Sheet
Fișă cuprinzătoare pentru comenzile Linux și Bash. Căutați peste 80 de comenzi esențiale cu exemple, descrieri și copie cu un singur clic.
ls
List directory contents
Exemplu:
ls -la /home/userls -la
List all files including hidden, with details
Exemplu:
ls -la ~/Documentscd
Change directory
Exemplu:
cd /var/logpwd
Print working directory path
Exemplu:
pwdmkdir
Create a new directory
Exemplu:
mkdir -p /tmp/mydir/subdirrm
Remove files or directories
Exemplu:
rm -rf /tmp/oldfilescp
Copy files or directories
Exemplu:
cp -r /src/dir /dst/dirmv
Move or rename files/directories
Exemplu:
mv oldname.txt newname.txttouch
Create an empty file or update timestamp
Exemplu:
touch newfile.txtfind
Search for files in a directory hierarchy
Exemplu:
find /home -name '*.log' -mtime -7locate
Find files by name using a prebuilt database
Exemplu:
locate nginx.confln
Create hard or symbolic links
Exemplu:
ln -s /path/to/target /path/to/linkdf
Report disk space usage of file systems
Exemplu:
df -hdu
Estimate file space usage
Exemplu:
du -sh /var/log/*stat
Display file or file system status
Exemplu:
stat /etc/passwdfile
Determine file type
Exemplu:
file /usr/bin/bashcat
Concatenate and display file contents
Exemplu:
cat /etc/hostsless
View file content one screen at a time
Exemplu:
less /var/log/syslogmore
View file content page by page
Exemplu:
more /etc/passwdhead
Output the first part of a file
Exemplu:
head -n 20 /var/log/auth.logtail
Output the last part of a file
Exemplu:
tail -f /var/log/sysloggrep
Search text using patterns
Exemplu:
grep -rn 'error' /var/log/sed
Stream editor for filtering and transforming text
Exemplu:
sed 's/old/new/g' file.txtawk
Pattern scanning and text processing language
Exemplu:
awk '{print $1, $3}' access.logsort
Sort lines of text files
Exemplu:
sort -k2 -n data.txtuniq
Report or omit repeated lines
Exemplu:
sort file.txt | uniq -cwc
Print newline, word, and byte counts
Exemplu:
wc -l /etc/passwdcut
Remove sections from each line of files
Exemplu:
cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwdtr
Translate or delete characters
Exemplu:
echo 'hello' | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'echo
Display a line of text
Exemplu:
echo "Hello, World!"printf
Format and print data
Exemplu:
printf "%s\t%d\n" name 42diff
Compare files line by line
Exemplu:
diff file1.txt file2.txttee
Read from stdin and write to stdout and files
Exemplu:
ls | tee output.txtps
Report a snapshot of current processes
Exemplu:
ps aux | grep nginxtop
Display Linux processes in real time
Exemplu:
top -u www-datahtop
Interactive process viewer (ncurses-based)
Exemplu:
htopkill
Send a signal to a process
Exemplu:
kill -9 1234killall
Kill processes by name
Exemplu:
killall firefoxbg
Resume a suspended job in the background
Exemplu:
bg %1fg
Bring a job to the foreground
Exemplu:
fg %1jobs
List active jobs in the current shell
Exemplu:
jobs -lnohup
Run a command immune to hangups
Exemplu:
nohup ./script.sh &nice
Run a command with modified scheduling priority
Exemplu:
nice -n 10 ./heavy_task.shsystemctl
Control the systemd system and service manager
Exemplu:
systemctl restart nginxservice
Run a System V init script
Exemplu:
service apache2 statusping
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts
Exemplu:
ping -c 4 google.comcurl
Transfer data from or to a server
Exemplu:
curl -L -o file.zip https://example.com/file.zipwget
Non-interactive network downloader
Exemplu:
wget -q https://example.com/file.tar.gzssh
OpenSSH remote login client
Exemplu:
ssh -i ~/.ssh/key.pem user@hostscp
Secure copy files between hosts
Exemplu:
scp user@host:/path/file.txt ./local/rsync
Remote file copying tool with delta transfer
Exemplu:
rsync -avz /src/ user@host:/dst/netstat
Print network connections and routing tables
Exemplu:
netstat -tulpnss
Utility to investigate sockets
Exemplu:
ss -tulwnifconfig
Configure a network interface
Exemplu:
ifconfig eth0ip
Show and manipulate routing, devices, and tunnels
Exemplu:
ip addr shownmap
Network exploration tool and port scanner
Exemplu:
nmap -sV 192.168.1.0/24dig
DNS lookup utility
Exemplu:
dig +short A google.comnslookup
Query Internet name servers interactively
Exemplu:
nslookup example.comchmod
Change file mode bits (permissions)
Exemplu:
chmod 755 script.shchown
Change file owner and group
Exemplu:
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/wwwchgrp
Change group ownership
Exemplu:
chgrp developers project/sudo
Execute a command as another user (superuser)
Exemplu:
sudo systemctl restart nginxsu
Change user ID or become superuser
Exemplu:
su - postgrespasswd
Change user password
Exemplu:
passwd usernameumask
Set or display the file mode creation mask
Exemplu:
umask 022id
Print user and group information
Exemplu:
id usernamewhoami
Print the current effective user name
Exemplu:
whoamigroups
Print the groups a user is in
Exemplu:
groups usernametar
Archive files using tape archive format
Exemplu:
tar -czvf archive.tar.gz /path/to/dirtar -x
Extract files from a tar archive
Exemplu:
tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz -C /target/gzip
Compress files using GNU zip
Exemplu:
gzip -9 large_file.loggunzip
Decompress gzip compressed files
Exemplu:
gunzip archive.tar.gzzip
Package and compress files into a ZIP archive
Exemplu:
zip -r output.zip /path/to/dirunzip
Extract files from a ZIP archive
Exemplu:
unzip archive.zip -d /target/bzip2
Compress files using bzip2 algorithm
Exemplu:
bzip2 -z large_file.txtxz
Compress files using the XZ algorithm
Exemplu:
xz -z -9 file.txtuname
Print system information
Exemplu:
uname -auptime
Tell how long the system has been running
Exemplu:
uptimefree
Display amount of free and used memory
Exemplu:
free -hlscpu
Display information about the CPU architecture
Exemplu:
lscpulsblk
List information about block devices
Exemplu:
lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,MOUNTPOINTlspci
List all PCI devices
Exemplu:
lspci -v | grep VGAdmesg
Print or control the kernel ring buffer
Exemplu:
dmesg | tail -50journalctl
Query and display messages from the journal
Exemplu:
journalctl -u nginx --since '1 hour ago'history
Display the command history list
Exemplu:
history | grep dockerenv
Print environment variables
Exemplu:
env | grep PATHif / then / fi
Conditional execution in shell scripts
Exemplu:
if [ -f file.txt ]; then echo exists; fifor
Loop over a list of items
Exemplu:
for i in 1 2 3; do echo $i; donewhile
Execute commands while a condition is true
Exemplu:
while read line; do echo $line; done < filecase
Multi-branch conditional matching pattern
Exemplu:
case "$var" in a) echo A;; b) echo B;; esacfunction
Define a shell function
Exemplu:
greet() { echo "Hello, $1!"; }; greet Worldexport
Set environment variables for child processes
Exemplu:
export MY_VAR=valuesource
Execute commands from a file in current shell
Exemplu:
source ~/.bashrcalias
Create an alias for a command
Exemplu:
alias ll='ls -la'cron / crontab
Schedule commands to run periodically
Exemplu:
crontab -e # 0 * * * * /path/to/script.shat
Execute commands at a specified time
Exemplu:
echo 'ls /tmp' | at 14:30Instrumente Similare
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