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Linux/Bash Full de trucs de comandaments

Full d'ordres complet de Linux i Bash. Cerqueu més de 80 ordres essencials amb exemples, descripcions i còpia amb un sol clic.

ls
List directory contents
Exemple:ls -la /home/user
ls -la
List all files including hidden, with details
Exemple:ls -la ~/Documents
cd
Change directory
Exemple:cd /var/log
pwd
Print working directory path
Exemple:pwd
mkdir
Create a new directory
Exemple:mkdir -p /tmp/mydir/subdir
rm
Remove files or directories
Exemple:rm -rf /tmp/oldfiles
cp
Copy files or directories
Exemple:cp -r /src/dir /dst/dir
mv
Move or rename files/directories
Exemple:mv oldname.txt newname.txt
touch
Create an empty file or update timestamp
Exemple:touch newfile.txt
find
Search for files in a directory hierarchy
Exemple:find /home -name '*.log' -mtime -7
locate
Find files by name using a prebuilt database
Exemple:locate nginx.conf
ln
Create hard or symbolic links
Exemple:ln -s /path/to/target /path/to/link
df
Report disk space usage of file systems
Exemple:df -h
du
Estimate file space usage
Exemple:du -sh /var/log/*
stat
Display file or file system status
Exemple:stat /etc/passwd
file
Determine file type
Exemple:file /usr/bin/bash
cat
Concatenate and display file contents
Exemple:cat /etc/hosts
less
View file content one screen at a time
Exemple:less /var/log/syslog
more
View file content page by page
Exemple:more /etc/passwd
head
Output the first part of a file
Exemple:head -n 20 /var/log/auth.log
tail
Output the last part of a file
Exemple:tail -f /var/log/syslog
grep
Search text using patterns
Exemple:grep -rn 'error' /var/log/
sed
Stream editor for filtering and transforming text
Exemple:sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt
awk
Pattern scanning and text processing language
Exemple:awk '{print $1, $3}' access.log
sort
Sort lines of text files
Exemple:sort -k2 -n data.txt
uniq
Report or omit repeated lines
Exemple:sort file.txt | uniq -c
wc
Print newline, word, and byte counts
Exemple:wc -l /etc/passwd
cut
Remove sections from each line of files
Exemple:cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
tr
Translate or delete characters
Exemple:echo 'hello' | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
echo
Display a line of text
Exemple:echo "Hello, World!"
printf
Format and print data
Exemple:printf "%s\t%d\n" name 42
diff
Compare files line by line
Exemple:diff file1.txt file2.txt
tee
Read from stdin and write to stdout and files
Exemple:ls | tee output.txt
ps
Report a snapshot of current processes
Exemple:ps aux | grep nginx
top
Display Linux processes in real time
Exemple:top -u www-data
htop
Interactive process viewer (ncurses-based)
Exemple:htop
kill
Send a signal to a process
Exemple:kill -9 1234
killall
Kill processes by name
Exemple:killall firefox
bg
Resume a suspended job in the background
Exemple:bg %1
fg
Bring a job to the foreground
Exemple:fg %1
jobs
List active jobs in the current shell
Exemple:jobs -l
nohup
Run a command immune to hangups
Exemple:nohup ./script.sh &
nice
Run a command with modified scheduling priority
Exemple:nice -n 10 ./heavy_task.sh
systemctl
Control the systemd system and service manager
Exemple:systemctl restart nginx
service
Run a System V init script
Exemple:service apache2 status
ping
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts
Exemple:ping -c 4 google.com
curl
Transfer data from or to a server
Exemple:curl -L -o file.zip https://example.com/file.zip
wget
Non-interactive network downloader
Exemple:wget -q https://example.com/file.tar.gz
ssh
OpenSSH remote login client
Exemple:ssh -i ~/.ssh/key.pem user@host
scp
Secure copy files between hosts
Exemple:scp user@host:/path/file.txt ./local/
rsync
Remote file copying tool with delta transfer
Exemple:rsync -avz /src/ user@host:/dst/
netstat
Print network connections and routing tables
Exemple:netstat -tulpn
ss
Utility to investigate sockets
Exemple:ss -tulwn
ifconfig
Configure a network interface
Exemple:ifconfig eth0
ip
Show and manipulate routing, devices, and tunnels
Exemple:ip addr show
nmap
Network exploration tool and port scanner
Exemple:nmap -sV 192.168.1.0/24
dig
DNS lookup utility
Exemple:dig +short A google.com
nslookup
Query Internet name servers interactively
Exemple:nslookup example.com
chmod
Change file mode bits (permissions)
Exemple:chmod 755 script.sh
chown
Change file owner and group
Exemple:chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www
chgrp
Change group ownership
Exemple:chgrp developers project/
sudo
Execute a command as another user (superuser)
Exemple:sudo systemctl restart nginx
su
Change user ID or become superuser
Exemple:su - postgres
passwd
Change user password
Exemple:passwd username
umask
Set or display the file mode creation mask
Exemple:umask 022
id
Print user and group information
Exemple:id username
whoami
Print the current effective user name
Exemple:whoami
groups
Print the groups a user is in
Exemple:groups username
tar
Archive files using tape archive format
Exemple:tar -czvf archive.tar.gz /path/to/dir
tar -x
Extract files from a tar archive
Exemple:tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz -C /target/
gzip
Compress files using GNU zip
Exemple:gzip -9 large_file.log
gunzip
Decompress gzip compressed files
Exemple:gunzip archive.tar.gz
zip
Package and compress files into a ZIP archive
Exemple:zip -r output.zip /path/to/dir
unzip
Extract files from a ZIP archive
Exemple:unzip archive.zip -d /target/
bzip2
Compress files using bzip2 algorithm
Exemple:bzip2 -z large_file.txt
xz
Compress files using the XZ algorithm
Exemple:xz -z -9 file.txt
uname
Print system information
Exemple:uname -a
uptime
Tell how long the system has been running
Exemple:uptime
free
Display amount of free and used memory
Exemple:free -h
lscpu
Display information about the CPU architecture
Exemple:lscpu
lsblk
List information about block devices
Exemple:lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,MOUNTPOINT
lspci
List all PCI devices
Exemple:lspci -v | grep VGA
dmesg
Print or control the kernel ring buffer
Exemple:dmesg | tail -50
journalctl
Query and display messages from the journal
Exemple:journalctl -u nginx --since '1 hour ago'
history
Display the command history list
Exemple:history | grep docker
env
Print environment variables
Exemple:env | grep PATH
if / then / fi
Conditional execution in shell scripts
Exemple:if [ -f file.txt ]; then echo exists; fi
for
Loop over a list of items
Exemple:for i in 1 2 3; do echo $i; done
while
Execute commands while a condition is true
Exemple:while read line; do echo $line; done < file
case
Multi-branch conditional matching pattern
Exemple:case "$var" in a) echo A;; b) echo B;; esac
function
Define a shell function
Exemple:greet() { echo "Hello, $1!"; }; greet World
export
Set environment variables for child processes
Exemple:export MY_VAR=value
source
Execute commands from a file in current shell
Exemple:source ~/.bashrc
alias
Create an alias for a command
Exemple:alias ll='ls -la'
cron / crontab
Schedule commands to run periodically
Exemple:crontab -e # 0 * * * * /path/to/script.sh
at
Execute commands at a specified time
Exemple:echo 'ls /tmp' | at 14:30

Sobre aquesta eina

Una guia completa de referència ràpida per a Linux bash. Exploreu les ordres, la sintaxi i els exemples d'ús habitual organitzats per categories. Cerca i adaptable per a mòbils: afegiu aquesta pàgina a les adreces d'interès per accedir-hi instantàniament quan necessiteu un recordatori ràpid.

Com utilitzar-la

  1. Navega per les seccions de referència categoritzades.
  2. Utilitzeu la barra de cerca per trobar ordres o sintaxis específiques.
  3. Feu clic a qualsevol entrada per veure exemples d'ús i explicacions.
  4. Copieu les ordres directament per utilitzar-les al vostre terminal o editor.

Preguntes freqüents

Aquesta referència està actualitzada?
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Això és complet o només és bàsic?
Cobreix les ordres i els patrons més utilitzats que gestionen el 90% de les tasques quotidianes. Per a funcions de nínxol o avançades, consulteu la documentació oficial.
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